道德规范与具体分析

最近在追新亚文化在喜马拉雅 FM 上连载的音频课程「中国通史大师课」,今天听到的是黄朴民教授讲春秋时代的战争。他说春秋的争霸战争最重要的特点,就是他们会按照西周传下来的「军礼」来打。比如打仗要师出有名,只有九种特殊情况(「九伐之法」)才能起兵;比如敌国办丧事的时候不能打(「不加丧」),闹灾荒的时候也不能打(「不因凶」)。这两个原则都还有对应的实例。一次是晋国打齐国,因为齐国国君暴亡而撤兵。一次是越国闹灾荒,吴王夫差还给越国借粮(但反过来,吴国灾荒的时候,越国借出去的是煮熟了的种子)。

最有名的一个例子大概就是宋襄公了。

冬,十一月,襄公與楚成王戰于泓。楚人未濟,目夷曰:「彼眾我寡,及其未濟擊之。」公不聽。已濟未陳,又曰:「可擊。」公曰:「待其已陳。」陳成,宋人擊之。宋師大敗,襄公傷股。國人皆怨公。公曰:「君子不困人於阸,不鼓不成列。」子魚曰:「兵以勝為功,何常言與!必如公言,即奴事之耳,又何戰為?」

《史記·宋微子世家》

宋襄公因为恪守军礼,不接受大臣(也是他庶出的哥哥)目夷(子鱼)的建议(不等楚军过河布好阵势就开战),结果吃了败仗,损失惨重。听到这种事比较通常的看法是,宋襄公是一个正人君子,或者憨厚仁慈、过于老实的好人。但我不这样看。倒并不是因为史书上记载是宋襄公先伐郑(楚的属国),楚军才打来的,倒不是因为这样我觉得宋襄公不是什么好人。我们就假设这是一场卫国战争,楚军是侵略者,宋襄公完全是正当防卫。这时候宋襄公恪守军礼,算不算是道德模范?

这里有两种思考道德问题的思路。一种是心中有很多道德规范,必须无条件遵守,这就是义务,而不是利益计算的结果。另一种就是具体的得失分析,做各方利益的评判。比如说谎不对,你可以说说谎本身就是不对的,诚信是一种义务;也可以说因为说谎会造成别的什么问题,所以说谎不对,或者在这个具体情况下说谎不对。

第一种思路很容易忽略很多具体的问题,总在抽象的原则层面思考问题。宋襄公想的是遵从军礼,「君子不困人於阸」。但当你这样选择的时候,必须接受一个结果,那就是自己很有可能会战败(因为「彼眾我寡」),战败并不是抽象的战败,战败意味着士兵的伤亡。所以宋襄公做君子,其实是以手下士兵的伤亡为代价的,事实上他自己也伤了大腿。这就是具体的得失,具体的利益变化。我认为你可以推崇某种道德原则,但在抉择的时候,必须想到这些可能发生的具体结果——为什么我不认为宋襄公憨厚仁慈,因为他在慷他人之慨。事实上很多以第一种思路想问题的人,不太容易想到这些具体结果。这是我认为推崇道德原则的人必须弥补的地方。你不能说事情的结果怎么样不重要,重要的只是处事原则,这是说不过去的。比赛结果可以放弃,但伤痛甚至生死必须纳入考虑的范围。

流行钢琴的学习路径

学钢琴一般都分古典和流行两个不同的路子(当然爵士可能算是第三种),是真的很不同。古典钢琴有一个相对成熟的学习体系,但流行钢琴一直没有一个可以让人可以循序渐进的学习计划。直到这周我才发现有位职业音乐制作人王翌冰在网上开课,从零基础到高阶的课程都有。在此分享一下。

王翌冰的流行钢琴课程 – 哎呀音乐

此外,台湾钢琴家官大为的 NiceChord 好和弦 YouTube 频道也有很多乐理教学、编配示例的视频。最近几周正好也在讲各种流行音乐的编配方法。如果不能看 YouTube 还可以到「上和弦」网站观看。

NiceChord – YouTube
NiceChord – 上和弦

六个艾玛的自述与反驳

上次租的 Ethics 这本导论(Gensler, 2017),前两章的六节内容分别写了六种道德观,每章的开头都用一个虚拟的艾玛(Ima)来讲述自己的观点,感觉这种形式还是挺有意思的,有机会可能把这部分翻译成中文。人名的翻译就很逗:

艾玛·瑞拉提维斯特 (Ima Relativist)
艾玛·撒布捷克提维斯特 (Ima Subjectivist)
艾玛·苏帕内恰里斯特 (Ima Supernaturalist)
艾玛·因提乌星尼斯特 (Ima Intuitionist)
艾玛·伊谋提维斯特 (Ima Emotivist)
艾玛·普瑞斯古瑞普提维斯特 (Ima Prescriptivist)

六个艾玛的自述与反驳。

Harry Gensler, 2017, Ethics: A Contemporary Introduction (3rd edition).

VitalSource 租电子书

今天注册了 VitalSource,这里书好像还挺多的,但没有试读,也不知道效果是怎样的。尝试花了十来刀租了 90 天 Harry Gensler 去年底出的第三版 Ethics: A Contemporary Introduction,显示效果只能说中规中矩吧,支持高分屏,但是也不能改字体、改页边距什么的。

国内的 VISA 卡可以支付,但是要填一个美国地址,这时候就要用到神奇的假地址生成器 US Address Generator 了哈哈哈。

 

子供が見た世界の体育授業

最近在看《天声人语集萃》,以免把日语阅读能力和背过的单词语法都丢了。

「天声人语」是『朝日新聞』头版的固定栏目,已经有百年历史,据说文字水准很高。外研社出的《天声人语集萃》系列是对这些文章的选编,有注音、单词讲解、例句和全文翻译。感觉很适合用零碎时间翻看。

今天看到的这篇讲孩子们眼中的国外体育课,作者希望以此改善日本的传统、单一的体育教学。比如波斯湾的岛国巴林(Bahrain)体育课会教穿着衣服游泳,瑞士会教怎样长时间游泳,感觉这样的课程更加实用。

……

日本でも、もっと実用的なことを教えたらどうか、という感想が多い。バーレーンでの着衣のままの水泳練習。スイスでも着衣水泳のほか、長時間水泳や人命救助を習った。米国での救助訓練では、ズボンを浮袋に利用することも覚えた。米国には、女性の護身の勉強もある。

社会ダンスを学ばせるのは、ドイツ、カナダの中学だ。楽しかった。カナダから帰った女子生徒は、なぜダンスを教えるのだろうか、と考える。社会での付き合いの仕方に即している、そして自然な男女交際をおしえようとしたのだ。

様々な体験を『子供が見た世界の体育授業』という本にまとめた国際基督教大学高校の和田雅史教諭は,画一的、保守的な日本の体育授業に参考になる、と言っている。

1992年1月27日

War is illegal.

Yet the biggest single change in the international order is an idea we seldom appreciate today: war is illegal. For most of history, that was not the case. Might made right, war was the continuation of policy by other means, and to the victor went the spoils. If one country felt it had been wronged by another, it could declare war, conquer some territory as compensation, and expect the annexation to be recognized by the rest of the world. The reason that Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah are American states is that in 1846 the United States conquered them from Mexico in a war over unpaid debts. That cannot happen today: the world’s nations have committed themselves to not waging war except in self-defense or with the approval of the United Nations Security Council. States are immortal, borders are grandfathered in, and any country that indulges in a war of conquest can expect opprobrium, not acquiescence, from the rest.

The legal scholars Oona Hathaway and Scott Shapiro argue that it’s the outlawry of war that deserves much of the credit for the Long Peace. The idea that nations should agree to make war illegal was proposed by Kant in 1795. It was first agreed upon in the much-ridiculed 1928 Pact of Paris, also known as the Kellogg-Briand pact, but really became effective only with the founding of the United Nations in 1945. Since then, the conquest taboo has occasionally been enforced with a military response, such as when an international coalition reversed Iraq’s conquest of Kuwait in 1990–91. More often the prohibition has functioned as a norm—“War is something that civilized nations just don’t do”—backed by economic sanctions and symbolic punishments. Those penalties are effective to the extent that nations value their standing in the international community—a reminder of why we should cherish and strengthen that community in the face of threats from populist nationalism today.

Steven Pinker. 2018. Enlightenment Now

natural food?

“Natural food.” Whenever I hear those words crooned, my inner crank cranks up. “Natural!” I would rail if I gave it voice. “No product of agriculture is the slightest bit natural to an ecologist! You take a nice complex ecosystem, chop it into rectangles, clear it to the ground, and hammer it into perpetual early succession! You bust its sod, flatten it flat, and drench it with vast quantities of constant water! Then you populate it with uniform monocrops of profoundly damaged plants incapable of living on their own! Every food plant is a pathetic narrow specialist in one skill, inbred for thousands of years to a state of genetic idiocy! Those plants are so fragile, they had to domesticate humans just to take endless care of them!”

Stewart Brand. 2009. Whole Earth Discipline

 

修改注册表将麦克风插孔当耳机插孔用

前提是 Realtek 的板载声卡(集成声卡)。

我的台式机前置耳机插孔很松,接触不好,麦克风插孔就明显好很多(我也不知道为什么)。以前 Realtek 的控制面板是可以直接修改插孔用途的,但总之最近的情况是不可以了(最开始连 Realtek 的控制面板都打不开,后来发现 YouTube 上介绍的方法是要找主板厂商提供的驱动而不是直接在 Realtek 官网下载,试过之后确实可以打开 Realtek 控制面板,但找了半天还是没有发现原来用过的那个功能)。Google 到了一篇改注册表来实现这件事的介绍文章,试过之后确实没有问题。

未免这篇文章以后打不开了,把最关键的内容记录如下:

  1. 注册表目录:HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Class\{4D36E96C-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}\00XX\Settings\DrvYYYY_DevType_YYYY_SSYYYYYYYY
    (ooXX 要自己找一下,作者的情况是 0000,我是 0007;YYYY 也是每个人未必相同的数字)
  2. 在这个目录下新建一个 Binary Value,如果想把前置麦克风用作耳机插孔就是 Pin19 为 02 00 00 00(如果已经有 Pin19 了就直接修改,如下图)
  3. 重新启动操作系统,成功。

参数对应表

“Pin10” = Line-in (rear blue)
“Pin11” = Mic-in (rear pink)
“Pin14” = Front speakers (rear green)
“Pin15” = Rear speakers (rear black)
“Pin16” = Center / Sub-woofer (rear orange)
“Pin17” = Side speakers (rear gray)
“Pin19” = Front Mic-In (front pink)
“Pin1b” = Front Headphone (front green)

“00 00 00 00” = Line-in
“01 00 00 00” = Mic-in
“02 00 00 00” = Headphones
“03 00 00 00” = Front speakers 2nd Output
“04 00 00 00” = Front speakers
“05 00 00 00” = Rear speakers
“06 00 00 00” = Center / sub-woofer
“07 00 00 00” = Side speakers

如果用上面的没有效果可以尝试

“Pin00” = Front speakers (rear green)
“Pin01” = Rear speakers (rear black)
“Pin02” = Center / Sub-woofer (rear orange)
“Pin03” = Side speakers (rear gray)
“Pin04” = Mic-in (rear pink)
“Pin05” = Front Mic-In (front pink)
“Pin06” = Line-in (rear blue)
“Pin07” = Front Headphone (front green)

《正义之心》与《当代启蒙》

最近读的这两本书刚好有一些微妙的思想碰撞(Pinker 的那本才刚开始读)。

Haidt 这位道德心理学家,在当年听耶鲁大学心理学导论公开课时就已经知道了,对他的研究也很感兴趣,但他这本 The Righteous Mind(《正义之心》)我一直拖到最近才看完。应该说最打动我的还是那些原来就已经知道的东西,比如 moral dumbfounding 相关的实验和解释,但 Haidt 对 WEIRD (Western, educated, and from industrialized, rich, and democratic countries) 世界之外的道德观的同情与认可还是没有说服我。本来按他自己所说,他只是在做描述性的工作,但有意无意之中,其实讲了很多「应该」。并且他似乎还认为「应该」是不能被理性、数学和逻辑讨论的。

这本书让我想到那句「存在即合理」,不是说黑格尔的原意,而是说很多人的一种观念:一件事既然长期、广泛地存在,那必然有它的道理,有为什么得以长存的原因,我们应该尝试去理解它,而不是盲目批判。然而大到等级社会、种族歧视、压迫、战争,小到男尊女卑、三从四德、守贞、闹婚,世界上有很多事,都长期、广泛地存在,背后也的确有原因,但这些原因只不过是改善中的障碍,而不是抵制批判的辩护词。读 Pinker 的 Enlightenment Now,这种感觉就更加强烈。

[I]n psychology our goal is descriptive. We want to discover how the moral mind actually works, not how it ought to work, and that can’t be done by reasoning, math, or logic.

Jonathan Haidt. 2012. The Righteous Mind

We take its gifts for granted: newborns who will live more than eight decades, markets overflowing with food, clean water that appears with a flick of a finger and waste that disappears with another, pills that erase a painful infection, sons who are not sent off to war, daughters who can walk the streets in safety, critics of the powerful who are not jailed or shot, the world’s knowledge and culture available in a shirt pocket.

Steven Pinker. 2018. Enlightenment Now

[T]he economist Friedrich Hayek observed, “If old truths are to retain their hold on men’s minds, they must be restated in the language and concepts of successive generations” (inadvertently proving his point with the expression men’s minds). “What at one time are their most effective expressions gradually become so worn with use that they cease to carry a definite meaning. The underlying ideas may be as valid as ever, but the words, even when they refer to problems that are still with us, no longer convey the same conviction.” This book is my attempt to restate the ideals of the Enlightenment in the language and concepts of the 21st century.

Steven Pinker. 2018. Enlightenment Now

1930 年代的中国绑匪

Derek Parfit 出生在 1942 年的成都,当时他父母都在中国做医生、教医学,不过 Derek 出生一年后,他们就离开了中国。所以这位英国哲学家与中国有很微妙的关系。

刚看到 Parfit 在 On What Matters Vol. 1 里讨论康德伦理学中的 merely as a means 问题时,写到他母亲在 1930 年代的中国的遭遇:

In a case that is less clear, when my mother travelled on a Chinese river in the 1930s, her boat was held up by bandits, whose moral principles permitted them to take, from ordinary people, only half their property. These bandits let my mother choose whether they would take her engagement ring or her wedding ring. If these people treated my mother as a means, they did not treat her merely as a means. Were they close to doing that? I am inclined to answer No. But this may be a borderline case, in which this question has no definite answer.

顺带一说,我认为中文里「20 世纪 30 年代」这种说法就像把 2018 年说成「21 世纪第 18 年」一样累赘而愚蠢,然而大陆的正式出版物中似乎还不允许「1930 年代」这种说法。